![]() Shelley thought poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).ĭorothea responds to her sister, “what a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” (7). Other punctuation such as question marks and exclamation marks should appear within the quotation marks if they are part of the quoted passage, but after the parentheses if they are part of your text. ![]() Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical reference.Put single quotation marks around quotations that appear within those quotations. If a quotation runs no more than four lines, put it in double quotation marks and incorporate it into the text.MLA and Chicago require you to use the present tense.APA Style requires you to use the past tense or present perfect tense.This means using the correct verb tense with your signal phrases. Some signal phrases like “according to” and “in the words of” will remain the same regardless of citation style, but signal phrases that contain a verb need to adhere to the chosen style. Signal phrases can vary in tense depending on the citation style being used. Neutral: You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis.Īccording to recent research, food services are responsible for one third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.Īccording to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes While Foucault (1980) concedes that individual power can only be exercised in a field of limited possibilities, he goes on to say that … Recent research has confirmed Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole.Īgrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supportsĬonciliatory: The author acknowledges the validity of an idea or argument, but with the implication that their other ideas may be quite different. Supportive: A position is taken in agreement with what came before. Proves, has disproven, confirms, displays, reveals, showsĪrgumentative: A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing.Īllen Ginsberg denies the importance of artistic revision …Īrgues, contends, denies, insists, maintains Galileo Galilei proved that the earth rotates around the sun by examining … The historian Oswald Spengler (1918) proposed that all cultures are superorganisms with a predictable lifespan.Īssumes, believes, claims, concludes, declares, emphasizes, proposes, suggestsĭemonstrative: A positive or negative statement is made, which can be verified. Propositional: The position is arguable rather than definitive, but the author isn’t necessarily responding to an existing debate. ![]() ![]() Signal phrases and their functions Function Your choice of signal phrases can tell the reader something about the stance of the author you’re citing, and sometimes about your own stance. Signal phrases have many different functions, implying various different perspectives on the information they frame. This can be done using a transition word such as “although” or “however.” Example: Signal phrases showing contrasting arguments Signal phrases can also be used to contrast different arguments. In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell argues that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell concedes that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.Your word choice will determine how accurately you characterize the author’s position. When using signal phrases, it is important not to misrepresent the author’s argument. You might also include the title of the source or the credentials of the author to establish their authority on the topic. An attributive tag such as “according to” or “has argued”.The name of the scholar(s) or study that you want to reference.Using signal phrases effectively means including: Vary how you use them to create a sense of flow in your writing. Signal phrases can be used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. Once you have found a relevant quote or argument that you want to include in your academic essay, a signal phrase can help you to introduce it. For example, phrases such as “has shown” and “have proven” suggest that you agree, while phrases like “has claimed” or “proposes” are less definitive and may introduce a counterargument. Signal phrases also allow you to position the source in relation to your own argument. Establishing the credentials of your sources.Giving credit to outside scholars or studies and avoiding plagiarism.Integrating sources smoothly, introducing a quote or idea that is not your own.Signal phrases serve a range of purposes, including: Frequently asked questions about signal phrases.What is the purpose of a signal phrase?.
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